How can I help this horse out of neglect?

No, it just sounds like the horse has a problem. Maybe he just has a problem. And yes, his owner could be riding him. But you could always ask, making sure not to acuse the probably innocent owner of neglecting their horse. And it's not exactly neglecting. Next time your out, look around, lots of horses are slung out in the paddock all year round knee high
In weeds and manure. That's neglecting.

I personally believe that BOTH leaving a horse out in knee deep mud and keeping a horse locked in a stall 24/7 are abuse. Unfortunately, neither of those are legally considered abuse. If the horse shows vices from being in a stall too much, he is definitely being affected mentally by having to stay in a stall. I agree with those who say to try to talk to the owner and find out what the horse's story is. Injured horses sometimes have to go on stall rest for a few weeks or a month or even more. It's sad and a lot of times the owner feels terrible about it, but the vet will say the horse has to suffer mentally a bit so he can physically heal. Even then, a caring owner might not have thought of putting stall toys in or treat dispensers to help relieve the horse's boredom. There are lots of things that can be done for a horse such as feeding the hay in a small mesh hay net so the horse can eat for more hours during the day. If a horse simply can't graze, a barn owner can often fix up a small dry lot for the horse or the owner can put on a grazing muzzle.
I've been in a similar situation a couple of times and been unable to do anything about it. When I have kindly suggested that a horse seems unhappy to be in all the time, the owners usually are nice too and say they feel bad about it, but still won't do anything to correct the situation. I knew a horse that was kept in because the owner was too lazy to come divide a pasture with electric fence. Other people offered to get the fencing, to put it up even, but the owners kept saying no, they were getting around to it. So when the horse finally was let out after several weeks, he was so excited he bucked and bucked and injured himself. So he was kept in again until he was well, then he did the same thing again and injured himself again. So he was kept in for another month, then finally someone bought him from the owner. They took him out the day after they bought him and rode him for 6 hrs. After he'd been in a stall for that long. When he refused to go forward after 6 hrs., they whipped and spurred him until he flipped over backwards, injuring the owner. Who had him promptly put down for being dangerous.
I always think it's sad when horses have to be kept in, even when it's necessary.

The OP stated in the original post that he has some sort of eating problem.
Why not just nicely ask the BO or owner about it? You might actually learn something.
And, again, this is a post from someone making a WHOLE lot of assumptions (and we all know about that word).
OP-if you are that worried, ask some questions. Don't judge and jump to conclusions without knowing what is going on.
You have no proof at all of anything, and are not at the barn 24/7.
Abuse is NOT a horse blanketed, with shelter and food. JMHO.

I've been at several barns where people pay for stall board but don't care at all about their horse. I've had some barn owners say a person hasn't been out to check on their horse in six months, but they keep paying for the board. To some people who can afford it, a horse can be just a possession like a car or a boat. Some of these people have no clue about what a horse needs, and if a barn owner doesn't care either the horse can live a pretty terrible life.

Blankets can be "cozy," or they can be extremely uncomfortable. My horses have to have different thicknesses of blankets for different weather, or at least have their blanket taken off when it warms up. A heavy blanket in the wrong weather can make a horse sweat excessively. Just putting a blanket on and never taking it off or checking the horse's coat underneath (they could have rubbed themselves raw if it fits wrong) is not good care.

There are different levels of needs. Food, water and shelter are at the top, but exercise, socialization and mental stimulation are necessary for a horse's health also. They can survive without them, but people can survive locked in a jail cell with food and water also. That doesn't mean they are lucky to be there.

We don't know the situation, but if the OP's description is accurate the horse could be suffering. If she truly cares and the owner is willing to talk to her, maybe she could even just hand walk the horse and give him some relief from his stall.

It is the BO's responsibility in those cases (or anytime something is amiss with any horse in their care) to contact the owner. That is part of what we pay them for.
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I agree with JDI and Frank!

One should not impose their care standards on someone else and then proclaim that someone else is being cruel, etc.

Kind of hard to judge when we do not know the person and are not at the barn 24/7. I barely ever see the other boarders at my barn but you can tell their horses are well taken care of.
If you are curious about the horse or worried I would just try asking the owner or the barn owner why they are stalled all the time. But then again they might tell you it's none of your business which technically it isn't..

As long as the horses isn't starving, or have over grown hoofs I don't really see it as neglect. Not ideal for a horse to be stalled all the time, but maybe he can't go out. Or maybe someone does come and walk him or exercise him when your not there.

I think we need more about the horse before any of us including the OP can deem this horse is being miss treated. Yes a horse needs more than food water and shelter to be a happy horse but if it has nothing else it doesn't mean it is being abused. Abuse is a very strong word as is neglect that come with very serious consequences. The most the OP can do right now is as the owner and BO about the horse and see if there is anything she can do to help. If the Owner and BO say no then as much as she has come to like the horse until she sees actual abuse or real evidence of serious neglect like sores or weight loss she can do nothing. Every one has their own idea of what a horse needs or doesn't need, but the only people that can determine real neglect or abuse are those who enforce the laws of the land. Not us.

Coming from some one who has had people tell her to give up her horses:

It hurts when some one tells you that bc you aren't "properly" taking care of your horses and that they know some one who can. My horses were thin and there was frozen poop in their pasture and my neighbor (whom I adore NOW) came up to me and said something to the effect that her "friend" ran a horse rescue and would gladly take my horses.

The people had their "friend" over and she took one look at my horses and told my neighbor that they were "neglected, malnourished, worm-y and were covered in mange." this was completely WRONG, but yes I could see how some one could say that.

They were getting fed but not enough to keep them from losing weight. They were "neglected" bc there was poop in the pasture. It was spring and any one who keeps horses know its hard to get all the poop bc some freezes and thaws and you have to get all the poop from winter and from spring and its hard to keep up.

This was coming out of a hard winter and i'll admit that I am a new horse owner and my parents buy the horse stuff. They were both blanketed and had food and water.

So if I were you i'd talk to the owner and get the horses back story or talk to the BO. DO NOT TELL/ASK THEM TO RE-HOME THE HORSE

I agree with Franknbeans and Buckcherry's last statements. The barn owner SHOULD be the one to oversee whether any horses in the barn are getting poor care. Hopefully it's not just about getting board money and the BO cares about the horse.
Also, even if we think a horse is not getting ideal treatment, unless they are truly in an abuse situation (which this horse legally is not), there is nothing we can do besides try to educate the owner or offer to help them out if they have no time for their horse.
That is why I have been around a lot of unhappy horses that have not been getting good care, but I simply had to watch and hope that their situation would change for the better.
Erin, I don't know your situation, but if your horses' body condition was a 2, it wouldn't matter if there was food and water in their field and if your intentions were good. At some point it becomes not about hurting someone's feelings but about helping the horse. But maybe if someone pointed out to you that your horses looked neglected, it encouraged you to do something about the situation? You yourself admit that someone could think your horses looked uncared for, and that is never a good place to be.
My friends and I rescued two horses from a girl who really loved horses. It was hard for her to give them up. But these horses had a body condition score of 2 and 1, and the horse that was scored at a 1 would have died within a week or so if we hadn't stepped in. We had to appeal to her logic and help her realize she was never going to be able to afford the amount of food these horses needed. We didn't tell her we would have had to report her if she hadn't given up the horses voluntarily. But we had to do the right thing for the horses. If you really love horses, as she did, you have to admit to yourself when you can't actually afford to own a horse and care for it properly.